While the majority of mathematicians are male, there have been some demographic changes since World War II. However, it is still the case with mathematics, as with neighboring branches of science such as physics, that women and historically disadvantaged minorities are underrepresented. A number of prizes instituted by the AMS and other mathematical societies are aimed at changing this situation.
Prominent female mathematicians have included:
Twenthieth Century
1900-1909
Gertrude Mary Cox (1900-1978)
Mary Lucy Cartwright (1900-1998)
Nina Karlovna Bari (1901-1961)
Edna Kramer Lassar (1902-1984)
Mina Rees (1902-1997)
Irmgard Flugge-Lotz (1903-1974)
Dorothy McCoy (1903-2001)
Anna Stafford Henriques (1905-2004)
Sophie Piccard (1904-2000)
Rózsa Péter (1905-1977)
Ruth Moufang (1905-1977)
Alice Roth (1905-1977)
Kate Fenchel (1905-1983)
Maria Cinquini-Cibrario (1905-1992)
Mabel Schmeiser Barnes (1905-1993)
Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906-1992)
Olga Taussky-Todd (1906-1995)
Sister Mary Celine Fasenmyer (1906-1996)
Emma Trotskaia Lehmer (1906-2007)
Margaret Jarman Hagood (1908-1963)
Louise Johnson Rosenbaum (1908-1980)
Mary Ross (1908- )
Florence Nightingale David (1909-1993)
1910-1919
Sheila Scott Macintyre (1910-1960)
Cora Ratto de Sadosky (1912-1981)
Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw (1912- )
Hanna Neumann (1914-1971)
Marjorie Lee Browne (1914-1979)
Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (1914-1988)
Alice T. Schafer (1915- )
Elizabeth Scott (1917-1988)
F. Jessie MacWilliams (1917-1990)
Helena Rasiowa (1917-1994)
Ruth Aaronsom Bari (1917-2005)
Dorothy Maharam Stone (1917- )
Julia Bowman Robinson (1919-1985)
1920-1929
Edith Hirsch Luchins (1921-2002)
Deborah Tepper Haimo (1921-2007)
Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (1922-2004)
Jane Cronin Scanlon (1922- )
Gloria Olive (1923-2006)
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1923- )
Cathleen Morawetz (1923- )
Evelyn Boyd Granville (1924- )
Mary Ellen Rudin (1924- )
Olga Arsen’enva Oleinik (1925-2001)
Carol Karp (1926-1972)
Vera Nikoaevna Maslennikova (1926-2000)
Lida Barrett (1927- )
Joan S. Birman (1927-)
Hu Hesheng (1928-)
1930-1939
Mary Catherine Bishop Weiss (1930-1966)
Valentina Mikhailovna Borok (1931-2004)
Vera Pless (1931- )
Mary F. Wheeler (1931- )
Vivienne Malone-Mayes (1932-1995)
Grace Alele Williams (1932- )
Etta Falconer (1933-2002)
Sharon Menard (1934- )
Lesley Sibner (1934- )
Alexandra Bellow (1935- )
Louise Hay (1935-1989)
Gloria Hewitt (1935- )
Bhama Srinivasan (1935- )
Nina Uraltseva (1935- )
Argelia Velez-Rodriguez (1936- )
Judith D. Sally (1937- )
Marina Ratner (1938- )
Mary Gray (1939- )
Doris Schattschneider (1939- )
1940-1949
Linda Keen (1940- )
Cora Sadosky (1940- )
Nancy Kopell (1942- )
Karen Uhlenbeck (1942- )
Lenore Blum (1942- )
Evelyn M. Nelson (1943-1987)
Krystyna Kuperberg (1944- )
Jean Taylor (1944- )
Margaret Wright (1944- )
Dusa McDuff (1945- )
Mary Pensworth Reagor (1945- )
Judith Roitman (1945- )
Linda Rothschild (1945- )
Sylvia Young Wiegand (1945- )
Sun-Yung Alice Chang (1948- )
Raman Parimala (1948- )
Cheryl Praeger (1948- )
Fan Chung (1949- )
1950-1959
Nancy Reid (1952- )
Lai-Sang Young (1952- )
Ingrid Daubechies (1954- )
Verdiana Grace Masanja (1954- )
Bernadette Perrin-Riou (1955- )
Irene Fonseca (1956- )
Freda Porter (1957- )
Abigail Thompson (1958- )
1960-1969
Sijue Wu (1964- )
Irene Hueter (1965- )
Karen E. Smith (1965- )
Svenlana Jitomirskaya (1966-)
http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/chronol.htm
Interesting note:
Linda Rothschild was born in 1945 in Philadelphia, PA. She received her undergraduate degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966 and her Ph.D. in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970 (she had been rejected for graduate work at Princeton on the grounds that the university accepted only men).